The Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 823 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Democracy Essay Did you like this example? â€Å"The Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of Law† by Barry R. Weingast uses game-theoretic models to investigate two basic puzzles. The first puzzle analyzes the connection between democratic stability and interests; interests meaning citizen versus elite values. The second puzzle looks into democratic stability in divided societies. With his model, Weingast is able to explain these circumstances. Weingast’s game theoretic models works under some assumptions, the first being that all citizens have opinions when it comes to limits on government. Another assumption is that every individual citizen is able to classify state decisions into two groups: legitimate actions and transgressions. Individualism is important with this model since every person has different values. Next, the players are divided into two groups: the single political official known as the sovereign and the groups of citizens known as the citizenry. In order for the sovereign to stay in power, there must be enough support by the citizenry. Knowing this, the sovereign’s behavior will be affected as his own self-interests will make him respect the limits because he knows he’ll be worse off if he doesn’t. This is known as a self-enforcing limit. On the contrary, when the limits are not defended by the citizenry, the sovereign can violate them and continue to govern. Therefore, in order to prevent the breach of rights, citizens have to step up and unite. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of Law" essay for you Create order The first model illustrates a coordination problem. The situation involves the distribution of surplus. First, the sovereign chooses whether or not to transgress the rights of his citizens. Once this choice is made, two groups of citizens, A and B, make a decision at the same time to accept or challenge the sovereign. In order to stay in power, the sovereign just needs one group’s approval. Therefore, if the groups unite, they can prevent transgressions. If they are divided, the sovereign can transgress the citizens’ rights and not have to fear removal. There are a couple equilibria that could result in this game. The sovereign could transgress and since it would be costly if a group challenges, especially alone, the group would end up acquiescing. The second equilibria would be that the sovereign decides not to transgress. As a result, the payoff would be maximized. Weingast states that this second situation exists because there is a possibility that both groups would challenge and remove the sovereign. Therefore, in this equilibria, limits on the sovereign are self-enforcing which is why he’d choose to not transgress. In the second model, a couple of elements are added to the problem and Group A and B become more distinguished from one another. First, the sovereign could reduce one group’s rights and not the other’s. This would mean that a transgression against one group would benefit another group and the sovereign. The group with its rights reduced would be at a disadvantage if it tried to challenge, so an acquiesce would be most likely. If one group gets transgressed upon and it does not challenge the sovereign, the other group probably wouldn’t challenge if they were placed in the same situation later on. This leads to three different equilibria. If the sovereign transgresses against both groups, they will both acquiesce. If the sovereign transgresses against Group B, both groups will acquiesce. Lastly, if the sovereign transgresses against Group A, both groups will also acquiesce. Basically, this model shows that a transgression against one group will succeed when the oth er group does not also feel violated. The only time transgressions against both groups will succeed according to Weingast is when both groups are obedient and believe that the sovereign should be able to do whatever he pleases. The main point of this article was to show that in order to have a true democracy, society would need to find ways to make sure that the sovereign will not transgress. As Weingast points out, the Glorious Revolution is a wonderful illustration of his model. The Tories are mistreated first (Group A) and then the Whigs (Group B). This makes them finally unite and work together to overthrow King James II (the sovereign). Weingast gets into divided societies next and why they are so much less stable. He relates it to his model and states that â€Å"people’s natural diversity impedes coordination† (Weingast, 1997). In regards to the elite and the ordinary citizens, they can be used as Group A and B in Weingast’s model. Violating one group’s rights may uplift the other’s. In order to regulate the sovereign, both groups have to be coordinated enough to keep the sovereign in check. They would have to have a means of coordination such as a constitution or a riot. There must also be a way of punishing the sovereign if he transgresses. This leads to a rule of law where limits are put in place which citizens must then enforce. Coordination is key.

Music in Annie in 1920-1930 Essay - 1541 Words

Music in Annie in 1920-1930 The Roaring Twenties was a decade absorbed with the growth of the music industry thanks to the radio being born in 1920 (Tyle). The excitement of the war being over brought the Roaring Twenties forth. The American people hungered for change, and the new music of the era, jazz, satisfied their great hunger (100 Favourite Songs). Jazz was a brand new type of music drastically different from anything the American people had heard before. Unfortunately, the Great Depression, which occurred in the thirties, brought forth an aroma of sadness and despair in the lives of the American people. Would jazz also cave into the Depression? Or fight back? Although the mood of the American people changed from the Roaring†¦show more content†¦How advertisements were used on the radio was shown on the â€Å"Hour of Smiles† show with Bert Healey in the play Annie; the Boylan sisters helped to advertise Oxydent toothpaste (Annie). The radio produced many effects in the typical American l ifestyle; it brought families together and even â€Å"knitted the nation together† (Bailey 761). â€Å"The music of famous artists and symphony orchestras was beamed into countless homes – through the radio† (Bailey 762). The play Annie expresses that one of these homes included an all girls orphanage; jazz music was beamed into the orphanage thanks to their radio (Annie). The iconic mark of the music in the twenties was jazz. According to a website devoted to posting and commenting on jazz music in the twenties, jazz music appealed to the young people of the era. â€Å"The music†¦was fast and furious – it was young people’s music†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (100 Favourite Songs). Jazz became popular because it was so drastically different than anything they had heard before. Independent (or indie) record companies were introduced in the Roaring Twenties (Tyle). Some of the greatest jazz musicians appeared on indie labels: Gennett, Paramount, and Oken (Tyle).Show MoreRelated Ansel Adams Essay1036 Words   |  5 Pagesin San Francisco, California, Ansel Easton Adams was the only child of New England parents, Charles Hitchcock and Olive Adams. Adams father was a businessman, whose company included an insurance agency and chemical plant. Ansel took an interest in music at an early age. He selfly taught himself how to play the piano, and he enjoyed being around the surroundings of nature. Ansel attended both public and private school. At home his father gave him lessons in math and French. amp;#9;In 1915 when AnselRead MoreEssay on The Culture of the 1920s1817 Words   |  8 PagesThe Culture of the 1920s The Roaring Twenties started in North America and spread to Europe as the effects of World War I diminished. In Europe, the years following the First World War (1919-1923) were marked by a deep recession. Europe spent these years in rebuilding and coming to terms with the vast human cost of the conflict. Unlike in the aftermath of World War II, the United States did little to try to rebuild Europe. Instead, it took an increasingly isolationist stance (Answers, 2006). Read MoreThe Great Depression Effects On America1351 Words   |  6 Pagestheir crops and have erosion control. Having grass or other cover plants can help prevent the loose soil. The farmers used to plant their corn, and then harvest it by having machines completely pulling out the plant thus creating loose soil. In the 1930s, the radio was just starting to become popular because it was a relatively new technology. It was possibly the greatest source of cheap entertainment that was available at the time. Radios were relatively inexpensive; in fact kits for constructingRead MoreMusical Theatre As A Theatrical Performance1913 Words   |  8 Pagesstages of Musical Theatre will probably help people understand what makes it so unique. Now a quick history lesson, Musical Theatre technically was created in 5th Century BCE Ancient Greece, when staged comedies and tragedies would be told with a bit music and dance†¦but Musicals didn’t fully emerge into the world until the early 20th Century when the art form went to London, England, and then to America, which formed the famous theatre district, Broadway. Now that the basics are covered of where MusicalRead MoreTin Pan Alley1990 Words   |  8 PagesTin Pan Alley The 1920s was the beginning of a decade of change in the American arts. Jazz, along with such inventions as the phonograph, radio and sound movies, transformed the music industry. By the end of the decade, 40% of all Americans had radios in their homes. Not surprisingly, 58% of households in New York City owned a radio. New York became the center of the music world, and at the center of New York was a small area called Tin Pan Alley. Radios initially provided the young centurys secondRead MoreAfrican American And The Harlem Renaissance1879 Words   |  8 PagesMovement, commonly known as the Harlem Renaissance, founded in the depths of a predominately and culturally black are Harlem, New York between the 1920’s and the 1930’s which shortly ended at the start of The Great Depression. A cultural movement that allowed Black Americans to assert their talents through the arts through literature, dance, and music and many other aspects. An area for Intellectuals of color to express their many thoughts, ideas and logic among one another through the various formsRead MoreThe Beginnings Of Cinema United States1931 Words   |  8 Pagesdramatic tension, which became the most important silent film pioneer States United. With his works The Birth of a Nation (1915) and Intolerance (1916) began the tradition of historical cinema in his country. 3 THE BIRTH OF HOLLYWOOD Between 1915 and 1920, the film industry gradually shifted from the east coast to Hollywood, where new studies emerged. Film production became an important economic sector and imposed his rule beyond the country s borders. Westerns, detective films, adventure, scienceRead MoreThe United States Of America2230 Words   |  9 Pagesdramatic tension, which became the most important silent film pioneer States United. With his works The Birth of a Nation (1915) and Intolerance (1916) began the tradition of historical cinema in his country. Birth of Hollywood Between 1915 and 1920, the film industry gradually shifted from the east coast to Hollywood, where new studies emerged. Film production became an important economic sector and imposed his rule beyond the country s borders. Westerns, detective films, adventure, scienceRead MoreHow The Great Migration Impacted The Harlem Renaissance2641 Words   |  11 PagesGlastonbury High School How the Great Migration Impacted the Harlem Renaissance Faith Quinn US History Mr. Nelson 4/8/2015   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Faith Quinn 1 The Harlem Renaissance was a significant social and cultural movement throughout the 1920‘s and 30‘s. It was a time when much of the history of the African American people were given a voice through the creative efforts of those who were directly involved and affected by the Great Migration. It had a great impact on what life was like forRead MoreRace Film : The Great And Only Essay10250 Words   |  41 PagesAfrican American context. The film emerges from a Black perspective and focuses on the structure of Black southern religion. Similar to the work of Eloise Gist, the Black evangelist who traveled the South displaying her movies in various churches in the 1930s, Williams’s theological concerns center on the possibility and promise of individual transformation through Christian belief in the workings of God’s grace. Additionally, he places special emphasis on the reality of the divine presence in the lives

Declaration Of The Independence Of New Zealand Essay

Name: Hamza Abutaleb Student ID: 2143918 First Event Declaration of the Independence of NZ 1) I chose the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand because of it has great significance. New Zealand declared its independency from the United Kingdom on the 28th of October 1835 in Waitangi. It was James Busby, with the help of missionary Henry Williams and William Colenso, who then prepared a statement to give the northern Maori chiefs to sign after there were rumours that the United States or France were thinking of claiming New Zealand as their own. The statement’s purpose was to recognise the independency and sovereignty of the New Zealand Maori tribes. The sketch statement that was signed was written in Maori, but another English translation was prepared as well. 2) I will be talking about James Busby who played a major role in making New Zealand’s independency possible. James Busby was born in Scotland on the 7th of February 1802. He studied viticulture in France. After that he moved to Australia. After staying there for a couple of years, Busby moved with his family to New Zealand after presenting his viticulture journals that he published and were considered as New Zealand memoir. That granted him an appointment with the Colonial Office after he presented his work. Then Busty was appointed on March 1832 a New Zealand British Resident. He arrived to the Bay of Islands on May 1833 and then settled in Waitangi. Busby’s major purpose was to manage and look after theShow MoreRelatedThe Treaty of Waitangi1113 Words   |  5 PagesThe Treaty of Waitangi is a very important document to New Zealand. It is an agreement that was drawn up by representatives of the British Crown and Maori Hapu and Iwi. It was first signed at the Bay of I slands on February 6th, 1840. There has been a lot of debate over the years about the translation of words between the English and Te Reo Maori versions of the text and the differences in the word meaning over the who languages. In this assignment I am going to cover the rights and responsibilitiesRead MoreWhy Should Maori Cultural Preferences Be Important For Counseling Practice? Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pagesover the Treaty even if it varies from its English translation as compare to its original meaning in Maori language. Kawanatanga, on the other hand, has vague etiology but the closest translation to English as per its used to the Declaration of Independence of New Zealand (Unknown). This is where it was also first stated. It’s meaning had close relationship to rangatiratanga, which is decisive in discussion of the Treaty of Waitangi. 2. Explain why considering Maori cultural preferences are importantRead MoreCommonwealth Realm1566 Words   |  7 PagesSouth Africa). In 1946, the word British was dropped and the organization became known as simply the Commonwealth of Nations. Australia and New Zealand adopted the Statute in 1942 and 1947, respectively. With Indias independence in 1947, the new country desired to become a Republic and to not utilize the monarchy as their head of state. The London Declaration of 1949 modified the requirement that members must view the monarchy as their head of state to require that countries recognize the monarchyRead MoreThe Treaty Of Waitangi : New Zealand1112 Words   |  5 Pageseventually led to British Sovereignty via the Treaty of Waitangi. It is New Zealand s founding document that was signed on February 6th 1840. The treaty is an agreement made between the British Crown and about 540 Maori rangatira (chiefs). This treaty was a declaration of british sovereignty over New Zealand. In 1841 New Zealand became a separate Colony of the Crown, which ended its connection with New South Wales. 1852 New Zealand Constitution Act began a system of representative government for NZRead MoreThe Settlements Of The Treaty Of Waitangi Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesThe Settlements of the Treaty of Waitangi. The treaty of Waitangi is considered to be the founding document of the English and European control and settlement in New Zealand. After the treaty’s signing in 1840 it has played a huge role in legal affairs and the treatment of both European New Zealanders and Maori New Zealanders. Though there is dispute as to the correct or incorrect translation from English to Maori and vice versa, the treaty has on the whole created a harmonious existence betweenRead MoreA Great American Hypocrisy1157 Words   |  5 PagesA Great American Hypocrisy One of the great hypocrisies of American culture is found in its health care system. The United States claims in its Declaration of Independence that â€Å"all men are created equal† and that all of these men have the inalienable rights to â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.† Yet this is the same country that allows over 120 people to die each day because they are uninsured. How can this nation claim that all are created equal and have a right to life when theyRead MoreThe Role Of Director Of The New Zealand Aid Programme Essay1352 Words   |  6 Pagesapplication for the role of the Director of the New Zealand Aid Programme (NZAP). Studying the inconsistent implementation of past aid policies, I will use the Pacific to outline my vision for the direction of future aid administration. Guided by the principle purpose of New Zealand’s first independent aid organisation, NZAID, and in keeping with international aid trends, my vision for NZAP would work towards one clear goal: the elimination of poverty. New Zealand aid policies have been reorganised overRead MoreThe Treaty of Waitangi1619 Words   |  7 PagesBusby was consigned by the Crown to establish order and govern the settlers. With concerns of Frenchman Charles de Thierry’s desire to claim Aotearoa (State Services Commission, 2005, p. 17), Busby persuaded 34 chiefs to sign a Declaration of Independence for New Zealand (Orange, 2004). Unfortunately this had no immediate effect and subsequently Captain Hobson was sent to Aotearoa specifically for annexation (King, 2003). Overnight, Hobson and Busby drafted the treaty, missionary Williams and hisRead MoreHistory of England744 Words   |  3 Pageswe must first begin to understand where it all began. European hegemony of the nineteenth century was due mainly to Great Britain who was able to establish its power in global trade. At first the European countries represented a great power, new advances in new forms of trade, which emerged in Britain and later developed in the rest of the world, gave to Britain and Europe in general a place countries favoured over other economies. The increasing specialization of the British economy was clearly reflectedRead MoreEssay on Womens Right to Vote875 Words   |  4 Pagesheld to campaign for womens rights in the United States was held at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. Most of the women who attended, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, had been actively involved in antislavery campaigning, and drew their political and philosophical arguments for equality from the United States Declaration of Independences articulation of inalienable rights to life, independence, and the quest of happiness. By the end of the nineteenth century, a number of states

Breast Cancer Essay Research Paper Breast CancerBreast free essay sample

Breast Cancer Essay, Research Paper Breast Cancer Breast malignant neoplastic disease is the 2nd prima cause of decease in most in adult females today ( ? NABCO: Facts About Breast Cancer? 1 ) . It is a known fact that its remedy and beginning are unknown. Breast malignant neoplastic disease is when an uncontrolled growing of cells without a specific map signifier in the chest country of a individual, killing normal cells and tissue. This procedure in bend causes a ball or mass to organize known as malignant neoplastic disease. Although chest malignant neoplastic disease can non be prevented, there are some stairss a individual can take to cut down the hazards. These stairss are cognizing your household history, routine ego chest scrutinies, annually everyday mammograms for adult females 40 and over, and an one-year chest scrutiny by a medical professional. Every adult female is at hazard for chest malignant neoplastic disease and she is at an even higher hazard if she has a household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease. That? s why it is highly of import for every adult female to cognize her household history. About 10 % of chest malignant neoplastic disease instances are familial and that the most common of these consequence from mutants ( alterations ) of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 cistrons. Normally, these cistrons help to forestall malignant neoplastic disease by doing proteins that maintain the cells from turning abnormally. ( ? American Cancer Association: Breast Cancer Resource Center? 3 ) . Even if your household doesn? t have the history, it? s good information to hold for future mention. Second, a adult female should execute a monthly chest ego scrutiny ( BSE ) . The best clip to execute a BSE is about a hebdomad after the catamenial rhythm ends. For adult females that have irregular catamenial rhythms it? s recommended to execute the BSE on the same twenty-four hours of every month. The BSE is a speedy and simple procedure. If you have a regular gynaecologist or household physician they can give you information on how to execute the procedure decently or demo you while executing it on you. Besides, the American Cancer Association has waies on their web site on how to execute it at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www3.cancer.org/cancerinfo/load_cont.asp? ct=5 A ; doc=14 A ; Language=English. Harmonizing to the American Cancer Association the procedure is as follows: Lie down with a pillow under your right shoulder and topographic point your right arm behind your caput. Use the finger tablets of the three in-between fingers on your left manus to feel for balls in the right chest. Press steadfastly plenty to cognize how your chest feels. A house ridge in the lower curve of each chest is normal. If you # 8217 ; re non certain how hard to press, speak to your physician or nurse. Move around the chest in a handbill, up and down line, or cuneus form. Be certain to make it the same manner every clip, look into the full chest country, and retrieve how your chest feels from month to month. Repeat the test on your left chest, utilizing the finger tablets of the right manus. ( Move T he rest to under your left shoulder. ) If you find any alterations, see your physician right off. Repeat the scrutiny of both chests while standing, with your one arm behind your caput. The unsloped place makes it easier to look into the upper and outer portion of the chests ( toward your axilla ) . This is where about half of chest malignant neoplastic diseases are found. You may desire to make the standing portion of the BSE while you are in the shower. Some chest alterations can be felt more easy when your tegument is wet and soapy. ( ? American Cancer Association: Breast Cancer Resource Center? 17 ) . Another hazard cut downing measure of chest malignant neoplastic disease, is a annually modus operandi mammogram for adult females ages 40 and over. A mammogram is an x-ray of the chest. It? s used to observe chest disease. The x-ray is normally performed while the individual is in a unsloped place while standing. Individually, each chest is pressed between two metal home bases while the x-ray machine takes images of the chest. This test is highly of import and has been added to all wellness insurance policies as a collectible benefit by the United States Health Department. Harmonizing to ? Breast Cancer Resource Center, ? the opportunity of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease additions with age in adult females. About 77 % of adult females with chest malignant neoplastic disease are over age 50 at the clip of diagnosing ( 3 ) . For ages 40 and over a clinical chest scrutiny should be performed by a medical professional each twelvemonth. For ages 20 through 39, this same test should be performed every three old ages. The clinical test is the same test as the BSE. The lone difference is the test is performed by a individual officially trained in the medical field and normally performs this procedure everyday. During this scrutiny is when the medical professional would learn you how to right execute the BSE at place. The whole procedure of stairss in cut downing hazards of chest malignant neoplastic disease are simple and non at all clip devouring. Keeping a history of your household, executing everyday ego chest scrutinies, puting annually everyday mammograms for adult females 40 and over, and acquiring one-year chest scrutinies by a medical professional are all that? s needed. Each measure required can merely assist in educating oneself to understand chest malignant neoplastic disease. For more instruction you can ever reach you household medical professional. You can besides see the American Cancer Association at hypertext transfer protocol: //www3.cancer.org/cancerinfo/load_cont.asp? ct=5 A ; prevURL=load_cont.asp A ; langua ge=ENGLISH for facts, factors, and extra resources on chest malignant neoplastic disease. American Cancer Association. Breast Cancer Resource Center 2000. 20 Nov 2000. ? Types of Breast Cancer, ? Bethesda, M.D. : National Cancer Institute, 1999. National Association of Breast Cancer Organizations ( NABCO ) . Facts About Breast Cancer in the USA 5 Feb 2000. 20 Nov 2000.