The Mother Should Have the Choice Essay -- Abortion, Argumentative, Pr

The Mother Should Have the Choice When premature birth is being talked about regardless, there would one say one is normal inquiry to be replied; does the mother or the baby have the rights? Prematurely ending pregnancies has been around for a considerable length of time, thus has the entirety of the contention around premature births, managing strict convictions and ethics. After all sides are taken a gander at ladies, the mother ought to reserve the privilege to choose what she needs to be finished with her unborn youngster. This exposition will bolster the possibility that ladies reserve the option to pick what could possibly be done there unborn youngster just in the main trimester of their pregnancy. The primary trimester of a pregnancy is the place the choice ought to be made about the unborn youngster. After that time span premature birth ought not be took into account the harm is excessively incredible on the woman’s body and the unborn youngster has reverted excessively. The sooner the premature birth happens the more secure the results. Likewise, driving a lady to convey an embryo to term except if she meets certain measures irrelevant to her own desires and needs is a significant obstruction with a woman’s body and accordingly an infringement of security of the individual. (Smith 105) Smith makes a decent contention here, expressing that compelling laws and ethics on the mother is abusing her entitlement to security of people. The mother is the individual and the baby is a piece of her body, which is the reason the mother has the option to pick what will befall her body, just in the principal trimester. Next, The main great answer for the ethical ambiguities i ncluded is to forestall undesirable pregnancies. (Cauthen) Preventing undesirable pregnancies would help diminish kid misuse, youngster disregard, decrease selection and simply help control the maltreatment a kid gets. A lady may have gotten pregnant for man... ... life and let some else love the kid and accommodate it. At long last the youngster ought to have the option to live. With everything to take in to thought the mother ought to be the one to have the decision regarding what ought to be never really body and her unborn kid in the primary trimester. While the issues pairing fetus removal are solid, the lady should even now be the one permitted to choose what is in the wellbeing for herself and the unborn kid. As law states now and as it will go later on lady will have the option to pick what befalls them as and their unborn youngster. The mother will be the just one to choose what is ethically and morally right for her and her unborn infant. Works Cited Artisan, J K, and R A McCall Smith. Law and Medical Ethics. London: Butterworths, 1994. Cauthen, Kenneth. Fetus removal. 18 June. 2001 http://www.frontiernet.net/~kenc/abort.htm.

Wi-Max an Example by

Wi-Max With the quick pace of living and the network required by individuals today, innovation is attempting to stay aware of the requests with staggering pace and innovativeness. Individuals need data now, and they should get it now. Understanding this need of the individuals for data and to be accessible even while in a hurry, innovators are attempting to be bolder than any time in recent memory. From what used to be wired neighborhood and more wires to get wide territory organize, the innovation driven society is currently severing the limits and getting the snare, truly. Need paper test on Wi-Max subject? We will compose a custom paper test explicitly for you Continue While there is remote loyalty or WiFi which overwhelmed versatile warriors, the utilization of such innovation don't ensure steadfastness and clearness. Obstructions exist in this convention, and a few drawbacks of the innovation mean its disservice. This incited pioneers to make a superior remote innovation stage. The vision materialized with Wi-Max. Wi-Max is the most recent pattern in availability today that addressed the innovative should be liberated from impedances and current limits. It represents World Interoperability for Microwave Access. Wi-Maxs innovation works basically like Wi-Fi or the remote constancy convention. Notwithstanding, Wi-Max flaunts that there is less impedance, progressively proficient transfer speed use, and permits higher information rates considerably over longer separations. Indeed, it can give up to 30 miles and three to 10 miles of broadband remote access for fixed stations and versatile stations individually. (Wolleben, 2005) Fixed-station Wi-Max gives availability to homes and organizations through gathering channels, for example, a PC. Then again, the Wi-Max of versatile stations accommodate PDAs and comparative contraptions. (WiMax Broadband Wireless Technology Access, 2007) WiMaxs remote availability convention depends on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access, otherwise called OFDMA. It is a cutting edge convention for PC based gadgets. Trailblazers guarantee this extensively conveys preferred outcomes over the present advancements by and by being utilized. The as of late created 4G innovation being used in phones today, truth be told, is supposed to will undoubtedly misuse this OFDMA innovation. This further endorses the way that Wi-Max is the eventual fate of mechanical availability. (WiMax Broadband Wireless Technology Access, 2007) Wi-Max expect the emergence of unavoidable availability. By this it is implied that all the requirement for availability is replied by Wi-Max and that every single prior escape clause of comparative advances, similar to WiFi, have been fixed. This makes this new convention exhaustive and more proficient than its prior partners. More points of interest are related with Wi-Max. For speculators, the way that Wi-Max works in open norm and increasingly adaptable terms make it simpler to unite the innovation into any business. Wi-Max is additionally being mass created, hauling its cost down. (WiMax Broadband Wireless Technology Access) It is likewise imperative to consider the security ramifications of this new innovation. Like different remote advancements, the most extreme concern would be the chance of private data being gotten through transmission lines. While defenders and endorsers of Wi-Max innovation guarantee that there is less impedance with this new jump, the truth of the matter is that there is despite everything space for obstruction to happen. This opening, anyway little it very well may be, may offer approach to interruption and hence represents a hazard for arranged data. The progressed mechanical details of Wi-Max, however, stay in front of the unpredictable safety efforts of prior innovation. Being a fourth era convention, it stands further developed than its progenitors. Notwithstanding the open standard that it steps on, the utilization of Wi-Max requires observing and mediation. Regardless of whether it works like WiFi, and hence underpins WiFi-like information, Wi-Max expect greater security highlights. For one, Wi-Max works on both authorized and non-authorized signs. This unites the legitimate frequencies and the unregistered ones. While this may represent a security issue, the case is in reality the opposite. On account of the managed idea of Wi-Max, deceitful exercises that encroach and deny security for clients is handily dispensed with. (Wolleben, 2005) Something else that makes Wi-Max secure is simply the principle highlight: decline in impedance. When there is less or no impedance, the signs and recurrence stream as one and any outside recurrence that attempts to attack the consonant stream can without much of a stretch be distinguished. In this way, interruption can without much of a stretch be found and secluded. In any case, Wi-Maxs is as yet not the ideal remote innovation. Since innovation is reliably developing, proportionate conventions that intend to barge in and break safety efforts even of the most development systems will always exist. In this way, it is an obligation regarding clients of any remote system convention to furnish themselves with optional safety efforts for their utilization. It is additionally imperative to take note of that nobody innovation is customized for all organizations. Most conventions are made for use on essential standing, utilization, and conditions. It is basic for organizations which require further developed determinations to alter their conventions as per the idea of their needs. In any case, Wi-Max is an outskirts in the new time of remote network innovation. With the way that it is ease, mass-created, generally accessible, and exceptionally productive, particularly as contrasted and before innovations, it is worth for organizations to attempt. It is additionally worth for individuals to think about utilizing it for individual use. With accessibility for fixed station and portable station use, it is no uncertainty that in a matter of seconds Wi-Max will reign in its industry. Breaking the boundaries set by obstruction delicate before innovation, this most current unavoidable innovation is set to overcome the scene. References Wolleben, M. 2005. What is WiMax? Recovered August 19, 2007, from http://www.wimax.com/training WiMax broadband remote innovation get to. 2007.

Blog Archive Mission Admission Leave Your Parents at Home!

Blog Archive Mission Admission Leave Your Parents at Home! Mission Admission is a series of MBA admission tips; a new one is posted each Tuesday. When applying to business school, leave your parents out of the process! Although this MBA admission tip may seem obvious to most candidates, those who are a part of “Gen Y” or “The Millennials” have parents who  are likely accustomed to helping guide their childrens choices, having done so throughout the candidates high school and college years. These parents naturally want to be involved in the MBA admissions process as well and are now leaving many admissions officers across the country shaking their heads. Of course, having a parent call to confirm whether an important document was received when an applicant is perhaps traveling/working abroad and/or cannot make such a call him- or herself during work hours, is certainly not the same as having a parent call to ask why his/her son or daughter hasn’t gotten an interview invitation yet. Unless the matter at hand is an entirely practical one, candidates have nothing to gain by having their parents act as their agents. On the contrary, they have everything to lose. An aggressive parent can reflect badly on an applicant for a variety of reasons, the most obvious being that it suggests that the candidate lacks maturuity and perhaps the ability to make independent judgments as well. Think very carefully before involving your parents in any aspect of the application process except sitting at home and waiting for great newssuccessful applicants do it all the time! Share ThisTweet Mission Admission

The Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 823 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Democracy Essay Did you like this example? â€Å"The Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of Law† by Barry R. Weingast uses game-theoretic models to investigate two basic puzzles. The first puzzle analyzes the connection between democratic stability and interests; interests meaning citizen versus elite values. The second puzzle looks into democratic stability in divided societies. With his model, Weingast is able to explain these circumstances. Weingast’s game theoretic models works under some assumptions, the first being that all citizens have opinions when it comes to limits on government. Another assumption is that every individual citizen is able to classify state decisions into two groups: legitimate actions and transgressions. Individualism is important with this model since every person has different values. Next, the players are divided into two groups: the single political official known as the sovereign and the groups of citizens known as the citizenry. In order for the sovereign to stay in power, there must be enough support by the citizenry. Knowing this, the sovereign’s behavior will be affected as his own self-interests will make him respect the limits because he knows he’ll be worse off if he doesn’t. This is known as a self-enforcing limit. On the contrary, when the limits are not defended by the citizenry, the sovereign can violate them and continue to govern. Therefore, in order to prevent the breach of rights, citizens have to step up and unite. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of Law" essay for you Create order The first model illustrates a coordination problem. The situation involves the distribution of surplus. First, the sovereign chooses whether or not to transgress the rights of his citizens. Once this choice is made, two groups of citizens, A and B, make a decision at the same time to accept or challenge the sovereign. In order to stay in power, the sovereign just needs one group’s approval. Therefore, if the groups unite, they can prevent transgressions. If they are divided, the sovereign can transgress the citizens’ rights and not have to fear removal. There are a couple equilibria that could result in this game. The sovereign could transgress and since it would be costly if a group challenges, especially alone, the group would end up acquiescing. The second equilibria would be that the sovereign decides not to transgress. As a result, the payoff would be maximized. Weingast states that this second situation exists because there is a possibility that both groups would challenge and remove the sovereign. Therefore, in this equilibria, limits on the sovereign are self-enforcing which is why he’d choose to not transgress. In the second model, a couple of elements are added to the problem and Group A and B become more distinguished from one another. First, the sovereign could reduce one group’s rights and not the other’s. This would mean that a transgression against one group would benefit another group and the sovereign. The group with its rights reduced would be at a disadvantage if it tried to challenge, so an acquiesce would be most likely. If one group gets transgressed upon and it does not challenge the sovereign, the other group probably wouldn’t challenge if they were placed in the same situation later on. This leads to three different equilibria. If the sovereign transgresses against both groups, they will both acquiesce. If the sovereign transgresses against Group B, both groups will acquiesce. Lastly, if the sovereign transgresses against Group A, both groups will also acquiesce. Basically, this model shows that a transgression against one group will succeed when the oth er group does not also feel violated. The only time transgressions against both groups will succeed according to Weingast is when both groups are obedient and believe that the sovereign should be able to do whatever he pleases. The main point of this article was to show that in order to have a true democracy, society would need to find ways to make sure that the sovereign will not transgress. As Weingast points out, the Glorious Revolution is a wonderful illustration of his model. The Tories are mistreated first (Group A) and then the Whigs (Group B). This makes them finally unite and work together to overthrow King James II (the sovereign). Weingast gets into divided societies next and why they are so much less stable. He relates it to his model and states that â€Å"people’s natural diversity impedes coordination† (Weingast, 1997). In regards to the elite and the ordinary citizens, they can be used as Group A and B in Weingast’s model. Violating one group’s rights may uplift the other’s. In order to regulate the sovereign, both groups have to be coordinated enough to keep the sovereign in check. They would have to have a means of coordination such as a constitution or a riot. There must also be a way of punishing the sovereign if he transgresses. This leads to a rule of law where limits are put in place which citizens must then enforce. Coordination is key.

Music in Annie in 1920-1930 Essay - 1541 Words

Music in Annie in 1920-1930 The Roaring Twenties was a decade absorbed with the growth of the music industry thanks to the radio being born in 1920 (Tyle). The excitement of the war being over brought the Roaring Twenties forth. The American people hungered for change, and the new music of the era, jazz, satisfied their great hunger (100 Favourite Songs). Jazz was a brand new type of music drastically different from anything the American people had heard before. Unfortunately, the Great Depression, which occurred in the thirties, brought forth an aroma of sadness and despair in the lives of the American people. Would jazz also cave into the Depression? Or fight back? Although the mood of the American people changed from the Roaring†¦show more content†¦How advertisements were used on the radio was shown on the â€Å"Hour of Smiles† show with Bert Healey in the play Annie; the Boylan sisters helped to advertise Oxydent toothpaste (Annie). The radio produced many effects in the typical American l ifestyle; it brought families together and even â€Å"knitted the nation together† (Bailey 761). â€Å"The music of famous artists and symphony orchestras was beamed into countless homes – through the radio† (Bailey 762). The play Annie expresses that one of these homes included an all girls orphanage; jazz music was beamed into the orphanage thanks to their radio (Annie). The iconic mark of the music in the twenties was jazz. According to a website devoted to posting and commenting on jazz music in the twenties, jazz music appealed to the young people of the era. â€Å"The music†¦was fast and furious – it was young people’s music†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (100 Favourite Songs). Jazz became popular because it was so drastically different than anything they had heard before. Independent (or indie) record companies were introduced in the Roaring Twenties (Tyle). Some of the greatest jazz musicians appeared on indie labels: Gennett, Paramount, and Oken (Tyle).Show MoreRelated Ansel Adams Essay1036 Words   |  5 Pagesin San Francisco, California, Ansel Easton Adams was the only child of New England parents, Charles Hitchcock and Olive Adams. Adams father was a businessman, whose company included an insurance agency and chemical plant. Ansel took an interest in music at an early age. He selfly taught himself how to play the piano, and he enjoyed being around the surroundings of nature. Ansel attended both public and private school. At home his father gave him lessons in math and French. amp;#9;In 1915 when AnselRead MoreEssay on The Culture of the 1920s1817 Words   |  8 PagesThe Culture of the 1920s The Roaring Twenties started in North America and spread to Europe as the effects of World War I diminished. In Europe, the years following the First World War (1919-1923) were marked by a deep recession. Europe spent these years in rebuilding and coming to terms with the vast human cost of the conflict. Unlike in the aftermath of World War II, the United States did little to try to rebuild Europe. Instead, it took an increasingly isolationist stance (Answers, 2006). Read MoreThe Great Depression Effects On America1351 Words   |  6 Pagestheir crops and have erosion control. Having grass or other cover plants can help prevent the loose soil. The farmers used to plant their corn, and then harvest it by having machines completely pulling out the plant thus creating loose soil. In the 1930s, the radio was just starting to become popular because it was a relatively new technology. It was possibly the greatest source of cheap entertainment that was available at the time. 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With his works The Birth of a Nation (1915) and Intolerance (1916) began the tradition of historical cinema in his country. 3 THE BIRTH OF HOLLYWOOD Between 1915 and 1920, the film industry gradually shifted from the east coast to Hollywood, where new studies emerged. Film production became an important economic sector and imposed his rule beyond the country s borders. Westerns, detective films, adventure, scienceRead MoreThe United States Of America2230 Words   |  9 Pagesdramatic tension, which became the most important silent film pioneer States United. With his works The Birth of a Nation (1915) and Intolerance (1916) began the tradition of historical cinema in his country. Birth of Hollywood Between 1915 and 1920, the film industry gradually shifted from the east coast to Hollywood, where new studies emerged. Film production became an important economic sector and imposed his rule beyond the country s borders. Westerns, detective films, adventure, scienceRead MoreHow The Great Migration Impacted The Harlem Renaissance2641 Words   |  11 PagesGlastonbury High School How the Great Migration Impacted the Harlem Renaissance Faith Quinn US History Mr. Nelson 4/8/2015   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Faith Quinn 1 The Harlem Renaissance was a significant social and cultural movement throughout the 1920‘s and 30‘s. It was a time when much of the history of the African American people were given a voice through the creative efforts of those who were directly involved and affected by the Great Migration. It had a great impact on what life was like forRead MoreRace Film : The Great And Only Essay10250 Words   |  41 PagesAfrican American context. The film emerges from a Black perspective and focuses on the structure of Black southern religion. Similar to the work of Eloise Gist, the Black evangelist who traveled the South displaying her movies in various churches in the 1930s, Williams’s theological concerns center on the possibility and promise of individual transformation through Christian belief in the workings of God’s grace. Additionally, he places special emphasis on the reality of the divine presence in the lives

Declaration Of The Independence Of New Zealand Essay

Name: Hamza Abutaleb Student ID: 2143918 First Event Declaration of the Independence of NZ 1) I chose the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand because of it has great significance. New Zealand declared its independency from the United Kingdom on the 28th of October 1835 in Waitangi. It was James Busby, with the help of missionary Henry Williams and William Colenso, who then prepared a statement to give the northern Maori chiefs to sign after there were rumours that the United States or France were thinking of claiming New Zealand as their own. The statement’s purpose was to recognise the independency and sovereignty of the New Zealand Maori tribes. The sketch statement that was signed was written in Maori, but another English translation was prepared as well. 2) I will be talking about James Busby who played a major role in making New Zealand’s independency possible. James Busby was born in Scotland on the 7th of February 1802. He studied viticulture in France. After that he moved to Australia. After staying there for a couple of years, Busby moved with his family to New Zealand after presenting his viticulture journals that he published and were considered as New Zealand memoir. That granted him an appointment with the Colonial Office after he presented his work. Then Busty was appointed on March 1832 a New Zealand British Resident. He arrived to the Bay of Islands on May 1833 and then settled in Waitangi. Busby’s major purpose was to manage and look after theShow MoreRelatedThe Treaty of Waitangi1113 Words   |  5 PagesThe Treaty of Waitangi is a very important document to New Zealand. It is an agreement that was drawn up by representatives of the British Crown and Maori Hapu and Iwi. It was first signed at the Bay of I slands on February 6th, 1840. There has been a lot of debate over the years about the translation of words between the English and Te Reo Maori versions of the text and the differences in the word meaning over the who languages. In this assignment I am going to cover the rights and responsibilitiesRead MoreWhy Should Maori Cultural Preferences Be Important For Counseling Practice? Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pagesover the Treaty even if it varies from its English translation as compare to its original meaning in Maori language. Kawanatanga, on the other hand, has vague etiology but the closest translation to English as per its used to the Declaration of Independence of New Zealand (Unknown). This is where it was also first stated. It’s meaning had close relationship to rangatiratanga, which is decisive in discussion of the Treaty of Waitangi. 2. Explain why considering Maori cultural preferences are importantRead MoreCommonwealth Realm1566 Words   |  7 PagesSouth Africa). In 1946, the word British was dropped and the organization became known as simply the Commonwealth of Nations. Australia and New Zealand adopted the Statute in 1942 and 1947, respectively. With Indias independence in 1947, the new country desired to become a Republic and to not utilize the monarchy as their head of state. The London Declaration of 1949 modified the requirement that members must view the monarchy as their head of state to require that countries recognize the monarchyRead MoreThe Treaty Of Waitangi : New Zealand1112 Words   |  5 Pageseventually led to British Sovereignty via the Treaty of Waitangi. It is New Zealand s founding document that was signed on February 6th 1840. The treaty is an agreement made between the British Crown and about 540 Maori rangatira (chiefs). This treaty was a declaration of british sovereignty over New Zealand. In 1841 New Zealand became a separate Colony of the Crown, which ended its connection with New South Wales. 1852 New Zealand Constitution Act began a system of representative government for NZRead MoreThe Settlements Of The Treaty Of Waitangi Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesThe Settlements of the Treaty of Waitangi. The treaty of Waitangi is considered to be the founding document of the English and European control and settlement in New Zealand. After the treaty’s signing in 1840 it has played a huge role in legal affairs and the treatment of both European New Zealanders and Maori New Zealanders. Though there is dispute as to the correct or incorrect translation from English to Maori and vice versa, the treaty has on the whole created a harmonious existence betweenRead MoreA Great American Hypocrisy1157 Words   |  5 PagesA Great American Hypocrisy One of the great hypocrisies of American culture is found in its health care system. The United States claims in its Declaration of Independence that â€Å"all men are created equal† and that all of these men have the inalienable rights to â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.† Yet this is the same country that allows over 120 people to die each day because they are uninsured. How can this nation claim that all are created equal and have a right to life when theyRead MoreThe Role Of Director Of The New Zealand Aid Programme Essay1352 Words   |  6 Pagesapplication for the role of the Director of the New Zealand Aid Programme (NZAP). Studying the inconsistent implementation of past aid policies, I will use the Pacific to outline my vision for the direction of future aid administration. Guided by the principle purpose of New Zealand’s first independent aid organisation, NZAID, and in keeping with international aid trends, my vision for NZAP would work towards one clear goal: the elimination of poverty. New Zealand aid policies have been reorganised overRead MoreThe Treaty of Waitangi1619 Words   |  7 PagesBusby was consigned by the Crown to establish order and govern the settlers. With concerns of Frenchman Charles de Thierry’s desire to claim Aotearoa (State Services Commission, 2005, p. 17), Busby persuaded 34 chiefs to sign a Declaration of Independence for New Zealand (Orange, 2004). Unfortunately this had no immediate effect and subsequently Captain Hobson was sent to Aotearoa specifically for annexation (King, 2003). Overnight, Hobson and Busby drafted the treaty, missionary Williams and hisRead MoreHistory of England744 Words   |  3 Pageswe must first begin to understand where it all began. European hegemony of the nineteenth century was due mainly to Great Britain who was able to establish its power in global trade. At first the European countries represented a great power, new advances in new forms of trade, which emerged in Britain and later developed in the rest of the world, gave to Britain and Europe in general a place countries favoured over other economies. The increasing specialization of the British economy was clearly reflectedRead MoreEssay on Womens Right to Vote875 Words   |  4 Pagesheld to campaign for womens rights in the United States was held at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. Most of the women who attended, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, had been actively involved in antislavery campaigning, and drew their political and philosophical arguments for equality from the United States Declaration of Independences articulation of inalienable rights to life, independence, and the quest of happiness. By the end of the nineteenth century, a number of states

Breast Cancer Essay Research Paper Breast CancerBreast free essay sample

Breast Cancer Essay, Research Paper Breast Cancer Breast malignant neoplastic disease is the 2nd prima cause of decease in most in adult females today ( ? NABCO: Facts About Breast Cancer? 1 ) . It is a known fact that its remedy and beginning are unknown. Breast malignant neoplastic disease is when an uncontrolled growing of cells without a specific map signifier in the chest country of a individual, killing normal cells and tissue. This procedure in bend causes a ball or mass to organize known as malignant neoplastic disease. Although chest malignant neoplastic disease can non be prevented, there are some stairss a individual can take to cut down the hazards. These stairss are cognizing your household history, routine ego chest scrutinies, annually everyday mammograms for adult females 40 and over, and an one-year chest scrutiny by a medical professional. Every adult female is at hazard for chest malignant neoplastic disease and she is at an even higher hazard if she has a household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease. That? s why it is highly of import for every adult female to cognize her household history. About 10 % of chest malignant neoplastic disease instances are familial and that the most common of these consequence from mutants ( alterations ) of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 cistrons. Normally, these cistrons help to forestall malignant neoplastic disease by doing proteins that maintain the cells from turning abnormally. ( ? American Cancer Association: Breast Cancer Resource Center? 3 ) . Even if your household doesn? t have the history, it? s good information to hold for future mention. Second, a adult female should execute a monthly chest ego scrutiny ( BSE ) . The best clip to execute a BSE is about a hebdomad after the catamenial rhythm ends. For adult females that have irregular catamenial rhythms it? s recommended to execute the BSE on the same twenty-four hours of every month. The BSE is a speedy and simple procedure. If you have a regular gynaecologist or household physician they can give you information on how to execute the procedure decently or demo you while executing it on you. Besides, the American Cancer Association has waies on their web site on how to execute it at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www3.cancer.org/cancerinfo/load_cont.asp? ct=5 A ; doc=14 A ; Language=English. Harmonizing to the American Cancer Association the procedure is as follows: Lie down with a pillow under your right shoulder and topographic point your right arm behind your caput. Use the finger tablets of the three in-between fingers on your left manus to feel for balls in the right chest. Press steadfastly plenty to cognize how your chest feels. A house ridge in the lower curve of each chest is normal. If you # 8217 ; re non certain how hard to press, speak to your physician or nurse. Move around the chest in a handbill, up and down line, or cuneus form. Be certain to make it the same manner every clip, look into the full chest country, and retrieve how your chest feels from month to month. Repeat the test on your left chest, utilizing the finger tablets of the right manus. ( Move T he rest to under your left shoulder. ) If you find any alterations, see your physician right off. Repeat the scrutiny of both chests while standing, with your one arm behind your caput. The unsloped place makes it easier to look into the upper and outer portion of the chests ( toward your axilla ) . This is where about half of chest malignant neoplastic diseases are found. You may desire to make the standing portion of the BSE while you are in the shower. Some chest alterations can be felt more easy when your tegument is wet and soapy. ( ? American Cancer Association: Breast Cancer Resource Center? 17 ) . Another hazard cut downing measure of chest malignant neoplastic disease, is a annually modus operandi mammogram for adult females ages 40 and over. A mammogram is an x-ray of the chest. It? s used to observe chest disease. The x-ray is normally performed while the individual is in a unsloped place while standing. Individually, each chest is pressed between two metal home bases while the x-ray machine takes images of the chest. This test is highly of import and has been added to all wellness insurance policies as a collectible benefit by the United States Health Department. Harmonizing to ? Breast Cancer Resource Center, ? the opportunity of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease additions with age in adult females. About 77 % of adult females with chest malignant neoplastic disease are over age 50 at the clip of diagnosing ( 3 ) . For ages 40 and over a clinical chest scrutiny should be performed by a medical professional each twelvemonth. For ages 20 through 39, this same test should be performed every three old ages. The clinical test is the same test as the BSE. The lone difference is the test is performed by a individual officially trained in the medical field and normally performs this procedure everyday. During this scrutiny is when the medical professional would learn you how to right execute the BSE at place. The whole procedure of stairss in cut downing hazards of chest malignant neoplastic disease are simple and non at all clip devouring. Keeping a history of your household, executing everyday ego chest scrutinies, puting annually everyday mammograms for adult females 40 and over, and acquiring one-year chest scrutinies by a medical professional are all that? s needed. Each measure required can merely assist in educating oneself to understand chest malignant neoplastic disease. For more instruction you can ever reach you household medical professional. You can besides see the American Cancer Association at hypertext transfer protocol: //www3.cancer.org/cancerinfo/load_cont.asp? ct=5 A ; prevURL=load_cont.asp A ; langua ge=ENGLISH for facts, factors, and extra resources on chest malignant neoplastic disease. American Cancer Association. Breast Cancer Resource Center 2000. 20 Nov 2000. ? Types of Breast Cancer, ? Bethesda, M.D. : National Cancer Institute, 1999. National Association of Breast Cancer Organizations ( NABCO ) . Facts About Breast Cancer in the USA 5 Feb 2000. 20 Nov 2000.

Alzheimers Disease Essays (674 words) - Dementia, Histopathology

Alzheimer's Disease Alzheimer's Disease is a progressive and irreversible brain disease that destroys mental and physical functioning in human beings, and invariably leads to death. It is the fourth leading cause of adult death in the United States. Alzheimer's creates emotional and financial catastrophe for many American families every year. Fortunately, a large amount of progress is being made to combat Alzheimer's disease every year. To fully be able to comprehend and combat Alzheimer's disease, one must know what it does to the brain, the part of the human body it most greatly affects. Many Alzheimer's disease sufferers had their brains examined. A large number of differences were present when comparing the normal brain to the Alzheimer's brain. There was a loss of nerve cells from the Cerebral Cortex in the Alzheimer's victim. Approxiately ten percent of the neurons in this region were lost. But a ten percent loss is relatively minor, and cannot account for the severe impairment suffered by Alzheimer's victims. Neurofibrillary Tangles are also found in the brains of Alzheimer's victims. They are found within the cell bodies of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex, and take on the structure of a paired helix. Other diseases that have "paired helixes" include Parkinson's disease, Down's Syndrome, and Dementia Pugilistica. Scientists are not sure how the paired helixes are related in these very different diseases. Neuritic Plaques are patches of clumped material lying outside the bodies of nerve cells in the brain. They are mainly found in the cerebral cortex, but have also been seen in other areas of the brain. At the core of each of these plaques is a substance called amyloid, an abnormal protein not usually found in the brain. This amyloid core is surrounded by cast off fragments of dead or dying nerve cells. The cell fragments include dying mitochondria, presynaptic terminals, and paired helical filaments identical to those that are neurofibrillary tangles. Many neuropathologists think that these plaques are basically clusters of degenerating nerve cells. But they are still not sure of how and why these fragments clustered together. Congophilic Angiopathy is the technical name that neuropathologists have given to an abnormality found in the walls of blood vessels in the brains of victims of Alzheimer's disease. These abnormal patches are similar to the neuritic plaques that develop in Alzheimer's disease, in that amyloid has been found within the blood-vessel walls wherever the patches occur. Another name for these patches is cerebrovascular amyloid, meaning amyloid found in the blood vessels of the brains. Acetylcholine is a substance that carries signals from one nerve cell to another. It is known to be important to learning and memory. In the mid 1970s, scientists found that the brains of those afflicted with Alzheimer's disease contained sixty to ninety percent less of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase(CAT), which is responsible for producing acetylcholine, than did the brains of healthy persons. This was a great milestone, as it was the first functional change related to learning and memory, and not to different structures. Somatostatin is another means by which cells in the brain communicate with each other. The quantities of this chemical messenger, like those of CAT, are also greatly decreased in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus of persons with Alzheimer's disease, almost to the same degree as CAT is lost. Although scientists have been able to identify many of these, and other changes, they are not yet sure as to how, or why they take place in Alzheimer's disease. One could say, that they have most of the pieces of the puzzle; all that is left to do is find the missing piece and decipher the meaning. If treatment is required for someone with Alzheimer's disease, then the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association(ADRDA), a privately funded, national, non- profit organization dedicated to easing the burden of Alzheimer victims and their families and finding a cure can be contacted. There are more than one hundred and sixty chapters throughout the country, and over one thousand support groups that can be contacted for help. ADRDA fights Alzheimer's on five fronts 1- funding research 2- educating and thus increase public awareness 3- establishing chapters with support groups 4- encouraging federal and local legislation to help victims and their families 5- providing a service to help victims and their families find the proper care they need.

Free Essays on Todays Resume

Today’s Resume In today’s vastly changing technological world, paper resumes are becoming obsolete. â€Å"As the Internet continues to revolutionize the business world, job-seekers must show their ability to excel in an increasingly digital environment.†(Ramage, 1998, p78) E-mail is now the preferred way to receive resumes, over 34 percent of human resource professionals prefer resumes sent this way while only 17 percent of job seekers send resumes via e-mail. With the on slot of these changes preparing a useful resume and cover letter becomes highly significant. â€Å"A good resume is well organized and effectively communicates a candidate’s goals and experiences.†(Hattersley, 1999, p.4) It should include short concise measurable statements that are free of clutter and erroneous detail. â€Å"They are pleasing to the eye, easy to read and have a balanced amount of white space.†(Bowden, 2001, p.56) Good organization helps the employer to locate major points such as the candidate’s intention and role they want to fulfill. Under all circumstances the resume should be no more than three pages long, one or two pages are preferable. In a tight labor market a well-developed resume should capture the essence of a candidate’s career direction in 60 seconds or less. The cover letter to a resume quite frankly gets a foot in the door. A boss filing through hundreds of possible candidate’s will rapidly narrow the search to a few individuals who fit the profile. The cover letter should â€Å"make the hirer want to learn more about you.†(Tucker, 2000, p.20) It should show that the applicant is familiar with the organization, placing emphasize on how your education and training qualifies you, be crisp and punchy, and most importantly have zero mistakes. â€Å"Good conventional cover letters adopt a Me-You-We model.†(Hattersley, 2001, p.4) For instance, a cover letter should convey to the employer how you qualify for the job... Free Essays on Today's Resume Free Essays on Today's Resume Today’s Resume In today’s vastly changing technological world, paper resumes are becoming obsolete. â€Å"As the Internet continues to revolutionize the business world, job-seekers must show their ability to excel in an increasingly digital environment.†(Ramage, 1998, p78) E-mail is now the preferred way to receive resumes, over 34 percent of human resource professionals prefer resumes sent this way while only 17 percent of job seekers send resumes via e-mail. With the on slot of these changes preparing a useful resume and cover letter becomes highly significant. â€Å"A good resume is well organized and effectively communicates a candidate’s goals and experiences.†(Hattersley, 1999, p.4) It should include short concise measurable statements that are free of clutter and erroneous detail. â€Å"They are pleasing to the eye, easy to read and have a balanced amount of white space.†(Bowden, 2001, p.56) Good organization helps the employer to locate major points such as the candidate’s intention and role they want to fulfill. Under all circumstances the resume should be no more than three pages long, one or two pages are preferable. In a tight labor market a well-developed resume should capture the essence of a candidate’s career direction in 60 seconds or less. The cover letter to a resume quite frankly gets a foot in the door. A boss filing through hundreds of possible candidate’s will rapidly narrow the search to a few individuals who fit the profile. The cover letter should â€Å"make the hirer want to learn more about you.†(Tucker, 2000, p.20) It should show that the applicant is familiar with the organization, placing emphasize on how your education and training qualifies you, be crisp and punchy, and most importantly have zero mistakes. â€Å"Good conventional cover letters adopt a Me-You-We model.†(Hattersley, 2001, p.4) For instance, a cover letter should convey to the employer how you qualify for the job...

Upcoming presidential election Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Upcoming presidential election - Essay Example This will keep on affecting the US in a negative manner since the superpower nation of the world is already seen as a very racially discriminating nation and McCain’s win will only deter the cause of having some sanity within the relevant folds. Hence there would not be much change if John McCain actually takes the coveted seat, come November 4th, 2008. If Barack Obama seals the spot as the next President of the United States, there will be a huge difference in the way the world sees the racial relations, the race dogma, the attitudes that exist and just about everything which comes under the related settings. This is because Obama is a black himself and he knows that if he becomes the next President of US, he will be the first black to take over such a position – a position that commands respect the world over. The blacks will mark this success as a form of struggle that would see the light of the day and they will celebrate it in an aggressive way. Indeed all other communities except the whites would consider this as a very good omen for the next 4 years in the world’s political scenario. It will affect race and the whole talk related with it if either of the two wins. This is because there is a black Presidential candidate and having him as the President of the US would mean success for the people who have struggled long and hard for their rights the world over. Since this is the first time one such black candidate is vying for this post, McCain’s position is also under the cover. If he gets successful on November 4th, this would mean that the blacks and the minority groups the world over are defeated once again. (Green, 2008) The racial discussion has centered on the premise of personality differences between the two Presidential hopefuls and not on their policies or other significant subjects, which at the end of the day are also equally pivotal in the time and age of today. Thus in the end, the racial discussions will actually come to the fore no

William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

William Shakespeares Macbeth - Essay Example Thus, there are spectacular evidences all through the characterisation and the plot of the play which suggest the importance of the Elizabethan culture in the representation of 'gender' in Macbeth. Therefore, a paradox of sexual confusion and gender roles is evident at the heart of the play. "'Macbeth, a virile warrior-hero, is at the same time an 'unfinished man' who murders because he has been convinced by his wife that only through violence will he achieve a state of heroism. His manhood, displayed in the utterly 'masculine' form of bloodshed, is not self-determined or innate, but rather infused into him by Lady Macbeth." (Sch'rkhuber, 2007, p. 75). Therefore, this paper analyses Shakespeare's representation of 'gender' in Macbeth and compares it with the representation of 'gender' in the 21st Century referring to current literature, media, and poetry. One of the central concerns of the critics of the play Macbeth has been the author's representation of feminism in the play which is noted for the reversal of gender roles. Thus, one finds that the playwright has been interested in representing females as dominating their counterparts and the major characters and themes of the play depict the difference in the sexual representation of males and females. Whereas both Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are obsessed by the same passion of ambition, the playwright represents its effect differently in males and females. Lady Macbeth, the chief representative of females in the play, evidently violates the natural law concerning gender roles and the character of Macbeth enhances the reversal of gender roles in the play. "Both Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are fired by the same passion of ambition. However, while Macbeth is presented as violating moral law, Lady Macbeth seems to violate natural law: she is unfeminine. By eliminating in herself and her hus band tenderness, pity and vulnerability to feeling - human qualities her culture tends to associate with women - Lady Macbeth becomes half man herself. Through his efforts to be supreme among all men, Macbeth re-enacts the ambivalence of his sexual identity: the more he tries to prove his masculinity, the greater his fusion with Lady Macbeth." (Sch'rkhuber, 2007, p. 75). Therefore, it is palpable to a careful reader of the tragedy that Lady Macbeth makes an essential attempt to assume masculine characteristics which can make herself a stronger person. In addition, she also disparages her male counterpart, Macbeth, by attacking his own masculinity. "Macbeth shows a reversal in gender roles. The play questions what constitutes masculinity and femininity. It is important to Macbeth to be seen as a strong, powerful man. Lady Macbeth taunts him and mocks his sexuality to force him to get the courage to kill Duncan." (Thacker, 2008). In a careful analysis of the representation of feminism and masculinity in the play, one recognises that there is an evident reversal of gender roles by the playwright which can be comprehended as an attempt to identify with the contemporary Elizabethan culture.

Young Drinkers Essay Example for Free

Young Drinkers Essay A lot of kids started drinking around 16 years old. As the years go by, drinking reaches younger and younger people. Its unfortunate. The average age when youth first try alcohol is 11 years for boys and 13 years for girls. By age 14, 41 percent of children have had least one drink. The average age at which Americans begin drinking regularly is 15.9 years old.Teens who begin drinking before age 15 are five times more likely to develop alcohol dependence than those who begin drinking at age 21. An early age of drinking onset is also associated with alcohol-related violence not only among persons under age 21 but among adults as well. It has been estimated that over three million teenagers are out-and-out alcoholics. Several million more have a serious drinking problem that they cannot manage on their own. Annually, more than 5,000 deaths of people under age 21 are linked to underage drinking. The three leading causes of death for 15- to 24-year-olds are automobile crashes, homicides and suicides alcohol is a leading factor in all three. Drinking alcoholic beverages beyond ones capacity to the point of intoxication is a risky behaviour in which most young people get involved at some time. In a survey conducted by the University of the Philippines in 1994, 60 per cent or 5.3 million Filipino youths are said to be drinking alcoholic beverages. About 4.2 million of them are males and 1.1 million are females. The study stated that most of the Filipino teenagers have tried cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs. In fact, there are more alcoholic drinkers than smokers. On the average, Filipino youths start drinking alcohol at the age of 16 or 17. However, there are also many cases when children as young as 12 years old are already drinking alcoholic beverages. About 37 per cent of the respondents in the survey have continued the habit of drinking alcohol while 33 per cent said they only drink alcoholic beverages on special occasions. Some 17 per cent said they have already decided to stop the vice of drinking. The Philippines, drinking is more acceptable among girls than smoking. Nevertheless, it is still the case that it is considered more appropriate for men than for women to drink. Parents are more lax with boys, giving them more freedom to drink alcohol than their sisters. The teenagers said their family, friends, and the mass media have influenced them to experiment with drinking alcohol. Underscoring the critical role that the family plays in youth behaviours, young people seem to take their cue from their own parents attitudes and behaviour. Thus, a boy who grows up with an alcoholic father is more likely to become one himself. The study indicated that those who are more likely to drink are those: * who are not living with parents (for example, college students living in dormitories) * whose parents approve of drinking * who frequently attending social gatherings * who enjoy going out to parties, bars and discos * who do not take part in sports activities WHY DO SOME ADOLESCENTS DRINK? Young people try alcohol for many reasons. * They might be curious, or want to be one of the group. * Some young people drink because it makes them feel older, or because it gives them a certain image among friends. * Some people drink when they go to parties and nightclubs to enjoy themselves more. The alcohol might make them feel more relaxed. * Some people use alcohol to help them sleep or to forget things. * Some people need to drink every day just to get through the day because they are dependent on alcohol. As children move from adolescence to young adulthood, they encounter dramatic physical, emotional, and lifestyle changes. Developmental transitions, such as puberty and increasing independence, have been associated with alcohol use. So in a sense, just being an adolescent may be a key risk factor not only for starting to drink but also for drinking dangerously. Risk-Taking—Research shows the brain keeps developing well into the twenties, during which time it continues to establish important communication connections and further refines its function. Scientists believe that this lengthy developmental period may help explain some of the behavior which is characteristic of adolescence—such as their propensity to seek out new and potentially dangerous situations. For some teens, thrill-seeking might include experimenting with alcohol. Developmental changes also offer a possible physiological explanation for why teens act so impulsively, often not recognizing that their actions—such as drinking—have consequences. Expectancies—How people view alcohol and its effects also influences their drinking behavior, including whether they begin to drink and how much. An adolescent who expects drinking to be a pleasurable experience is more likely to drink than one who does not. An important area of alcohol research is focusing on how expectancy influences drinking patterns from childhood through adolescence and into young adulthood (11–14). Beliefs about alcohol are established very early in life, even before the child begins elementary school (15). Before age 9, children generally view alcohol negatively and see drinking as bad, with adverse effects. By about age 13, however, their expectancies shift, becoming more positive (11,16). As would be expected, adolescents who drink the most also place the greatest emphasis on the positive and arousing effects of alcohol. Sensitivity and Tolerance to Alcohol—Differences between the adult brain and the brain of the maturing adolescent also may help to explain why many young drinkers are able to consume much larger amounts of alcohol than adults (17) before experiencing the negative consequences of drinking, such as drowsiness, lack of coordination, and withdrawal/hangover effects (18,19). This unusual tolerance may help to explain the high rates of binge drinking among young adults. At the same time, adolescents appear to be particularly sensitive to the positive effects of drinking, such as feeling more at ease in social situations, and young people may drink more than adults because of these positive social experiences (18,19). Personality Characteristics and Psychiatric Comorbidity—Children who begin to drink at a very early age (before age 12) often share similar personality characteristics that may make them more likely to start drinking. Young people who are disruptive, hyperactive, and aggressive—often referred to as having conduct problems or being antisocial—as well as those who are depressed, withdrawn, or anxious, may be at greatest risk for alcohol problems (20). Other behavior problems associated with alcohol use include rebelliousness (21), difficulty avoiding harm or harmful situations (22), and a host of other traits seen in young people who act out without regard for rules or the feelings of others (i.e., disinhibition) (23–25). Hereditary Factors—Some of the behavioral and physiological factors that converge to increase or decrease a person’s risk for alcohol problems, including tolerance to alcohol’s effects, may be directly linked to genetics. For example, being a child of an alcoholic or having several alcoholic family members places a person at greater risk for alcohol problems. Children of alcoholics (COAs) are between 4 and 10 times more likely to become alcoholics themselves than are children who have no close relatives with alcoholism. COAs also are more likely to begin drinking at a young age and to progress to drinking problems more quickly. Research shows that COAs may have subtle brain differences which could be markers for developing later alcohol problems. For example, using high-tech brain-imaging techniques, scientists have found that COAs have a distinctive feature in one brainwave pattern (called a P300 response) that could be a marker for later alcoholism risk. Researchers also are investigating other brainwave differences in COAs that may be present long before they begin to drink, including brainwave activity recorded during sleep as well as changes in brain structure and function. Some studies suggest that these brain differences may be particularly evident in people who also have certain behavioral traits, such as signs of conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder, sensation-seeking or poor impulse control. Studying how the brain’s structure and function translates to behavior will help researchers to better understand how predrinking risk factors shape later alcohol use. For example, does a person who is depressed drink to alleviate his or her depression, or does drinking lead to changes in his brain that result in feelings of depression? Other hereditary factors likely will become evident as scientists work to identify the actual genes involved in addiction. By analyzing the genetic makeup of people and families with alcohol dependence, researchers have found specific regions on chromosomes that correlate with a risk for alcoholism. Candidate genes for alcoholism risk also have been associated with those regions. The goal now is to further refine regions for which a specific gene has not yet been identified and then determine how those genes interact with other genes and gene products as well as with the environment to result in alcohol dependence. Further research also should shed light on the extent to which the same or different genes contribute to alcohol problems, both in adults and in adolescents. Environmental Aspects—Pinpointing a genetic contribution will not tell the whole story, however, as drinking behavior reflects a complex interplay between inherited and environmental factors, the implications of which are only beginning to be explored in adolescents. And what influences drinking at one age may not have the same impact at another. As Rose and colleagues show, genetic factors appear to have more influence on adolescent drinking behavior in late adolescence than in mid-adolescence. Environmental factors, such as the influence of parents and peers, also play a role in alcohol use. For example, parents who drink more and who view drinking favorably may have children who drink more, and an adolescent girl with an older or adult boyfriend is more likely to use alcohol and other drugs and to engage in delinquent behaviors. Researchers are examining other environmental influences as well, such as the impact of the media. Today alcohol is widely available and aggressively promoted through television, radio, billboards, and the Internet. Researchers are studying how young people react to these advertisements. In a study of 3rd, 6th, and 9th graders, those who found alcohol ads desirable were more likely to view drinking positively and to want to purchase products with alcohol logos (46). Research is mixed, however, on whether these positive views of alcohol actually lead to underage drinking. Complex behaviors, such as the decision to begin drinking or to continue using alcohol, are the result of a dynamic interplay between genes and environment. For example, biological and physiological changes that occur during adolescence may promote risk-taking behavior, leading to early experimentation with alcohol. This behavior then shapes the child’s environment, as he or she chooses friends and situations that support further drinking. Continued drinking may lead to physiological reactions, such as depression or anxiety disorders, triggering even greater alcohol use or dependence. In this way, youthful patterns of alcohol use can mark the start of a developmental pathway that may lead to abuse and dependence. Then again, not all young people who travel this pathway experience the same outcomes. Perhaps the best way to understand and prevent underage alcohol use is to view drinking as it relates to development. This â€Å"whole system† approach to underage drinking takes into account a particular adolescent’s unique risk and protective factors—from genetics and personality characteristics to social and environmental factors. Viewed in this way, development includes not only the adolescent’s inherent risk and resilience but also the current conditions that help to shape his or her behavior Children mature at different rates. Developmental research takes this into account, recognizing that during adolescence there are periods of rapid growth and reorganization, alternating with periods of slower growth and integration of body systems. Periods of rapid transitions, when social or cultural factors most strongly influence the biology and behavior of the adolescent may be the best time to target delivery of interventions. Interventions that focus on these critical development periods could alter the life course of the child, perhaps placing him or her on a path to avoid problems with alcohol. To date, researchers have been unable to identify a single track that predicts the course of alcohol use for all or even most young people. Instead, findings provide strong evidence for wide developmental variation in drinking patterns within this special population. Withdrawal Someone who is physically dependent on alcohol will experience withdrawal symptoms when they stop drinking or substantially reduce their intake. Symptoms usually commence 6-24 hours after the last drink, last for about five days and include: * tremor * nausea/vomiting * anxiety/agitation * depression * sweating * headache * difficulty sleeping (may last several weeks). Alcohol withdrawal can be very dangerous. People drinking more than eight standard drinks a day are advised to discuss a decision to stop drinking with a doctor as medical treatment may be required to prevent complications. - Binge drinking Binge drinking or heavy episodic drinking is the modern epithet for drinking alcoholicbeverages with the primary intention of becoming intoxicated by heavy consumption of alcohol over a short period of time.] It is a kind of purposeful drinking style that is popular in several countries worldwide, and overlaps somewhat with social drinking since it is often done in groups. The degree of intoxication, however, varies between and within various cultures that engage in this practice. A binge on alcohol can occur over hours or last up to several days. Due to the long-term effects of alcohol misuse, binge drinking is considered to be a major public health issue. Binge drinking is associated with a profound social harm, economic costs as well as increased disease burden. Binge drinking is more common in males, during adolescence and young adulthood. Most binge drinkers are not familiar with the risks associated with binge drinking. Heavy regular binge drinking is associated with adverse effects onneurologic, cardiac, gastrointestinal, hematologic, immune, musculoskeletal organ systems as well as increasing the risk of alcohol induced psychiatric disorders. A US-based review of the literature found that up to one third of adolescents binge drink, with six percent reaching the threshold of having an alcohol-related substance use disorder. Approximately one in twenty five women binge drink during pregnancy, which can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Binge drinking during adolescence is associated with traffic accidents and other types of accidents, violent behavior as well as suicide. The more often a child or adolescent binge drinks and the younger they are the more likely that they will develop an alcohol use disorder including alcoholism. A large number of adolescents who binge drink also consume other psychotropic substances. Binge drinking has the propensity to result in brain damage faster as well as more severely than chronic non stop drinking (alcoholism), due to the neurotoxic effects of the repeated rebound withdrawal effects. The tolerance that occurs during chronic (non-stop) drinking delays alcohol-related brain damage compared to binge drinking which induces immediate and repeated insults to the brain. The neurotoxic insults to the brain are due to very large amounts of glutamate being released on a repeated basis which over-stimulates the brain after each binge finishes, resulting in excitotoxicity. The developing adolescent brain is thought to be particularly susceptible to the neurotoxic effects of binge drinking, with some evidence of brain damage occurring from drinking more than 4 or 5 drinks once or twice per month.

Graduation Speech :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

I feel overwhelmed with emotions standing here before you this evening. It was only two years ago I remember sitting in this hot gym, on the hard bleachers, as many of you are tonight watching commencement. I was a newly single mother with three children. I had been homeless, had little education and did not have much self-esteem. Ron Wales, an attorney spoke at that commencement. Four months later he was shot and killed. I will always remember his enthusiasm and energetic presence when he spoke here that evening. It touched me deeply. He sent a strong message to "have a voice, take a stand in life, NOT letting life happen to you, but instead to be present in our lives." I took this message to heart. It gave me courage to NOT let the sadness of my divorce and loss of my home destroy my life. I now stand before you in my cap and gown, waiting to receive my Associate of Arts diploma and on my way to my next goal: earning a Master's degree in Social Work. All of us here this evening come from different backgrounds and will take different paths. Some of us will go on to a four-year college, for others we start new jobs, while some us will look for a new job. Whatever your circumstance, whatever your degree, remember YOU have a voice that no other has in this world. Your voice is important, and it needs to be heard. During my time, many students inspired and encouraged me to keep going in the midst of adversity. These students were international students, immigrants, single parents, families, young running start students and people retraining for new jobs. I wish I could share all their inspirational stories. What I can say now is, your lives speak volumes and I won't forget you. One particular student who stands out in my mind was a young blind man in my chemistry class. He put forth an incredible effort each day to get an education. I watched him learn molecular structures. I watched him labor over the assignments with a tutor. I saw him earn an A in the class. After the quarter ended, he told me he was taking a break from school because of the chronic pain he suffered from his eyes. A few months later, while I was with my daughter shopping in the University District, I saw him walking alone with a cane in the midst of traffic and crowds.

Running head: SPORT VIOLENCE Essay

Violence is defined as â€Å"the use of excessive physical force, which causes or has obvious potential to cause harm or destruction.†(Mchill) Sport violence an issue or just part of the game? Where is the line drawn among players, fans, and media? With violence being so prominent in sports today the love of the game is being over shadowed by the need to win. Coaches, parents and players are being instructed to win at all cost, these tactics are then being glorified by the media and supported by the fans as good entertainment. The top three issues involving sport violence is media portrayal, fan identity, and youth sport violence. Media portrayal of sports violence is shown and read on every type of media outlet. Are the constant replays shown on ESPN of a player getting rocked in a game really necessary? Or how about the top ten worst hits? What type of message is this sending to young athletes? Media outlets are glamorizing athletes that are usually the aggressive and violent ones on a daily basis. Yes, athletes are being penalized for these violent actions but being replayed on ESPN 15 times a day really sending a message that violence is a part of the sport and promoting violence to solve problems? On the other side of the argument, exposure to sports violence by the media has stimulated efforts to control and prevent behavior by multiple fines and penalties. Also a high school athlete being scouted for a college sport can utilize the media to showcase the player and give an advantage to be recruited to the team. Spectator violence is present in every level of sport. From youth sport to professional sport, spectators lose control of their emotions and commit acts of violence against players, coaches, officials, and other fans. There are several factors that lead spectators to commit acts of violence: strong team identification, strong team loyalty, alcohol, and situational variables such as a team loss or fans of opposing teams sitting in close proximity and instigating each other. While the passion that spectators have for their team is a positive characteristic and it drives the success of the sport industry, the negative cost is that the passion can turn into criminal and deviant behavior which takes away from the enjoyment of the game and puts others at risk; endangering their right to enjoy watching a contest by having their safety jeopardized. However, all is not lost. There are policies and procedures that can be put in place to help curb spectator violence, but it takes a commitment from the top leaders of each individual sport organization to take a stand against such destructive behavior. Youth sport violence is a growing concern for all involved. A large part of child development comes from the involvement in youth sport. The problem is what they are being taught from overzealous coaches and parents who push for the win at all cost. The youth are learning to use unnecessary roughness and poor sportsmanship with little repercussions. The parents and coaches are the largest issue because they providing poor examples for the children. The ethical issue becomes whether it is ethical to included additional rules to youth leagues. The solution developed is for stricter rules or more serious repercussions for coaches, parents, and players. These rules are in hopes that they will bring youth sports back to a positive atmosphere it was once created for, without parents and coaches influencing youth poorly. Introduction Sport Violence in the 21st Century has become a major ethical issue. From the youth level to professional sports, fans, players, coaches, and media are guilty of contributing to this problem. Sport Violence is changing the way in which games are played, observed, and coached. Issues surrounding Sport Violence are not limited to the playing field but are spread throughout society. The major areas in which sport violence impact society are within the actual sport participants such as players and coaches; the media, and the spectators. One of the major issues is that sport violence is impacting the youth of America. The youth struggle to distinguish what they see on tv and what they are allowed to do themselves. They see violence and think that that kind of behavior is appropriate so they behave similarly during their games and may coaches do anything to stop it. In fact, many coaches encourage violence and poor behavior with a Win At All Cost mentality. Some people hold sport media accountable for the growing issue of sport violence because the media tends to glamorize and glorify violence in sports. When there is a violent hit or a fight in a game, the media will continually show the incident from several angles. While the announcers might be discouraging the poor behavior, the production continues to show it again and again instead of cutting to commentary or a commercial. Another example of how media spreads sport violence is the Top 10 lists of biggest hits, hardest knock outs, or most bruising pitches. The problem is that violence sells and the producers know it; which leads to another issue in sport violence: the spectators. Spectators love watching the violent hits and the hardest knockouts over and over. Just as a bad car wreck makes everyone stop and look, violence in sports catches people’s attention and invokes an emotional response. Therefore, the spectator’s response to the media is cyclical and they both drive each other. Additional concerns of spectators and sport violence is the emotional ties that individual’s feel to their team. This type of team identification can influence an individual to commit their own acts of violence if their team loses or if they feel threatened by a fan of another team. Spectator violence lives in youth sports, high school sports, collegiate sports, and professional sports. It’s negative influence is overreaching and permeating. Analysis and Discussion: Are parents and coaches encouraging kids to use excessive force in sports in order to win games? Where is the line between a good play and unnecessary roughness? Violence in sports is a topic of many sport enthusiasts and is an even large concern when it involves youth sports. The issue is discovering what is causing sport violence in the youth. There are a many outlets that help influence excessive force, media coverage of professional sports, parents and coaches with a win at all cost mentally. Is violence in youth sport a result of sport being to competitive? Youth sports were started to help develop children’s identity, physical skills, social skills, teamwork, and brain function. All the positive effects are true for youth sports if the focus is on developing children and not as much on the score of the game. While there is a place for competitive nature in youth sports it should not cause unnecessary roughness by the athletes. Arthur-Banning cited scholars saying â€Å"youth sport can be used to promote lifelong physical activity and enjoyment of sport, but only if programs are specifically designed with this intent.†(Smith & Smoll, 1997; Weiss & Petlichkoff, 1989)(p.4). A large problem lies in adults who cannot put aside their desire to win and therefore get out-of-control. This includes yelling at the umpires, fighting with other parents, yelling at players, etc. When children observe this behavior they believe it is acceptable to do the same. This behavior then fosters more poor behavior for example, blaming others for their actions and not taking responsibility. â€Å"The competitiveness permeating youth sports today often leads to exploding tempers, vile verbal assaults and sometimes fisticuffs, placing the child in the middle of the melee. Finding the balance between the positive and negative lessons that aggression teaches is the key, according to Tofler.†(Focus on Family, p. 4). It is parents and coaches job to groom well tempered athletes during their youth. In a study by Kerr explains four types of violence in sports which are important to be able to identify the difference between the in orders to determine the use of the violence. There is â€Å"play violence† which is just playful but is a concern when it escalates to â€Å"anger violence† which is serious anger that is unpleasant. The third is â€Å"Power violence with a serious purpose and tends to take the form of cold, calculated violence† this is an excepted form of violence in sports like boxing and karate but not football. In sports like football i t would be unnecessary roughness. The fourth type to be aware of is â€Å"thrill violence is usually provocative and spontaneous, providing pleasant high levels of felt arousal and felt negativism† (Kerr, 2009, p.45). If coaches and parents are aware of the type of violence the athlete is displaying they can take correct measures to prevent it from happening again. By having the adults support positive sportsmanship and punish or discourage poor sportsmanship it will teach the young athletes how to respond to different situations. The adults should focus on how to help their children control emotions during a game which will help the kids develop skills that can be used outside of sports, like conflict resolution. Ian Tofler, M.D. â€Å"says, for the most part, sports reflect society today. He asserts that the American way of life embraces assertiveness, aggression, but also resiliency. Learning such attributes from sports is essential in teaching moral and ethical development.†(Focus on the Family, p. 4) Sport can be a positive part of children’s youth if done correctly. Youth sport administrators should ensure there are guides to support positive experiences for children in sports. To fix violence in youth sports additional rules may need to be in place for coaches and parents. Would it be ethical to put rules in place to give parents or coaches technical fouls based on their negative out bursts? Would it be ethical to eliminate athletes from a league for excessive use of roughness? Is it ethical to continue to allow youth violence in sport to occur with little repercussions? The issue in question is whether it is ethical to make additional rules for youth sports to help prevent youth sport violence. These rules would be directed to parents, coaches, and athletes holding them more responsible for their actions. Cavanagh decision-making model will be used to decide the most ethical option. Using the Utilitarian theory is the first step of the model. â€Å"The greatest good for the greatest number† (Cavanagh, p. 141). Facts that support more rules are; helps kids develop problem solving skills, develop sportsmanship, children staying safe, children will understand right from wrong, parents and coaches will be punished for acting out, and the youth games will be focus on learning instead of just winning. The facts that go against more rules are; games are less competitive, could embarrass parents, coaches and parent do not give feedback positive or negative, and athlete fool around in the game. Overall the greatest good for the greatest number of people would be to instill additional rules. With additional rules it will teach children important life skills they can take with them in the future. For the parents and coaches they will begin to understand the game is for the kids to have fun and learn. Sports violence will go down because if things escalate out of control the parents, coaches, or athlete could be thrown out of the game or league. They all will understand that poor actions lead to repercussions and youth sports will be what it was designed for, education and fun. The second step to the theory is Rights, â€Å"They enable individuals to pursue their own interests and they impose correlative prohibitions and/or requirements on others.†(Cavanagh, p. 142).The rights that are for additional rules for youth sports are; life and safety, truthfulness, freedom of conscience, right of autonomy and Privacy? The players, coaches, and parents have the right not to have their life or safety endangered at a youth sport event because of violence. Truthfulness supports the rules because other players and coaches have the right to know the intentions behind a play. If the player was told to win the game at all cost the opposing team has the right to know the intention of foul play. Freedom of conscience supports the rules because if parents, coaches, or player’s choice not to adhere to the rules they will be asked to leave because they are violating the moral rules put in place. The right of autonomy side favors the rules because if the parents, coaches, or players do not like the added rules they can choice not to participate in the league. On the other hand the right of free speech, privacy, and autonomy go against the additional rules. Parents and coach have the right to criticize conscientiously as long as it does not violate others, giving them the right to yell at players, coaches and officials at a game. Parents and coaches have the right of privacy to conduct their parenting or coaching style however they see fit. In conclusion the right that weighs the heaviest on this issue is the right to life and safety. The additional rules will keep parents, coaches, officials, and most important children safe during games. The most important thing in youth sports is education and fun, which mean unnecessary roughness or the winning at any means necessary does not have a place in youth sports. The third ethical criteria for determining if additional rules should be put in place for youth sports, in order to limit youth sport violence is justice. â€Å"Justice requires all persons, and thus managers too, to be guided by fairness, equity, and impartiality.†(Cavanagh, p.144). The parts of justice that support the additional rules are fair administration, fair compensation, and fair treatment. The administration will uphold the â€Å"rules consistently, fairly and impartially.†(Cavanagh, p.143). Fair compensation supports the new rules because it holds individuals involved in the act of violence responsible for the injuries they have caused on the other individuals. Each parent, coach, and player deserve to be treated the same unless they decide to act in an out of control fashion. The cons against the new rule are fair blame and due process. Parents or coaches should not be â€Å"held responsible for matters over which they have no control†(Cavanagh, p.143). Parents or coaches might not necessary be responsible for the actions of their children during the game. Parents or coaches can make the argument that their rights are being violated by adding additional rules to youth leagues. Again the justice criterion leads to the addition of rules to youth leagues based on fair treatment. If an individual chooses to act out they are setting themselves apart from others and therefore, should be treated in such a way by given them repercussion for their negative actions. A fair solution to this ethical issue of violence in youth sports is to add additional rules to youth leagues. The leagues can start by having all players, parents, and coaches sign an agreement to conduct themselves in a fair and proper manor. In addition they will be made aware of penalties or repercussions if they do coach their kids to use unnecessary roughness or if they have out of control burst which will be determined by the officials. The penalty they receive will be based on remarks or actions taking by the individual. The officials will have the right to give out these penalties based on new league rules. The rules will make examples out of offenders to encourage others not to violate the rules. Lastly, before coaches are allow to coach a team they must attend a seminar or clinic that explains what is demeaned unnecessary roughness, out bursts, and other unfavorable actions. All parents will be invited to clinics and seminars but are not requiring attending unless one of the rules is violated. If one of the rules are violated it is mandatory for the people involved to attend with their child to the clinics or seminar. Violence in the media has been is a topic of great concern for many of years to parents, educators and even medial professions. There doesn’t seem to be many positive aspects to violent television shows or sporting events. There will always be the debate over why some people react with violence after watching violent media being played over and over on sports stations and some do not, but the fact remains that there are only a few good reasons to see so much violence in such detail. Mass media can be said to have a large contribution to the acceptability of sports and violence. The media plays a vital role in sports and how it’s portrayed. Through the media exposure, many people to sports-related violence are tuned into the television, magazines, newspapers, and radio, thus providing numerous examples to children and young adults who may imitate such behavior. Violence through the media can glamorizes players, often the most controversial and aggressive ones. On the other hand, the exposure given to sports violence by the media has stimulated increased efforts to control and prevent such behavior by multiple fines being set in place and many penalties. One of the most recent events that involved violence in sports and media exposure is the Detroit Pistons vs. Indiana Pacers brawl. A little recap of the incident was Pacers forward Ron Artest stretched himself out on the scorer’s table, where he was hit by a cup of beer thrown by a Detroit fan. Artest, followed by a number of other Pacers, charged into the crowd, throwing punches. The fight lasted about 10 minutes. Officials eventually called the game, and the Pacers were showered with beer, popcorn and debris as they left the court; a chair was thrown during the brawl and a number of people were treated for minor injuries. Not only was this fight showed on ESPN for weeks, it was shown on national news stations across the country and analyzed every aspect of it. The YouTube video of the fight received millions of hits and today is still showed as one of sport’s most violent brawls. In 1961-1973 a study was done by Ontario Royal Commission on Violence. On average 15 hours of â€Å"very aggressive† and â€Å"aggressive sports† were televised per week, and in 1973 the average raised to 21 hours per week. The most obvious and over played argument would be the negative result of violence in the media and how it promotes violence to solve problems. By watching detailed violence, it sends a message that violence is acceptable way to play sports or be â€Å"competitive†. Some examples of how the media relays violence in sports could be by the constant replays of massive hits, slow motion showing every impact including the player’s distressed face, and even zooming in on the player that was injured. Shouldn’t media outlets be portraying sports as skilled and professionalism? Instead televisions are full of â€Å" top ten painful plays† or â€Å" top ten hits† or â€Å" best fights of 2012†. What message is this sending to athletes of every age? Smith (1978) did a study on how much violent material do young athletes consume through media. The results were about 65% of youth athletes attend pro hockey games 2-3 times a year, 53% said they read about pro hockey on a daily basis and 80% watch it weekly. Consumption went up with age. Hockey can be thought to be one of the most violent sports next too football with the legal fist fights. Smith (1983) asked â€Å"Have you ever learned how to hit another player illegally from watching pro sports?† and 56% of the 604 participants said yes. With a little over half of the people watching sports learned how to illegally hit another player during a game is intense. This could possibly mean the outlet of television or media is the reason why violence in sports in on a rise. It was reported by Sports Business Journal that in 1987-1988 the NBA had more fist fights than Professional Boxer Mike Tyson. Finding many pro sides for violence in sports through the media was a little more challenging. Receiving a college scholarship is almost impossible these days. Without the help of the media portraying them as the best of the best it would be a lot harder for schools across the country to recognize or even notice potential athletes. A defensive player in football gets his position by being aggressive and making important tackles, even if it’s a violent play. Recording these plays or writing about them gives an advantage to the athlete trying to get into college. Also, media coverage can greatly enhance the chances of violent offenders being caught. There have been several examples of players, who were not reported by officials during a match, being cited by sporting bodies, clubs or tribunals after the event. Media footage has also helped track down perpetrators of violent acts off the field. Known by many, some sports are violent by nature. Boxing is the obvious example, where physical attack is the point of the exercise. There has been much debate over the sport and the media coverage for such violence this form of â€Å"violence† is within the rules of the sport and the possibility of injury is well known by participants and by viewers so by showing coverage of these types of sports are accepted and are not merely portraying violence as acceptable outside of the sport. The question related to media and violence is whether showing violence in sports through the media outlets ethical? Cavanaugh decision-making model will be used to decide the most ethical options. Utilitarian theory is â€Å"The greatest good for the greatest number† (Cavanagh, p. 141). Actions are evaluated by judging their consequences and weighing the good effects and bad effects and the attempt is to achieve an optimal balance of benefits versus harms on those affected by the action. Facts that support media coverage of violence is that viewers like to watch action in sports, violence is a part of the game, intensifies the game and may help high school athletes get noticed for college. The facts that go against media coverage of violence are; too graphic, no need to show people getting hurt, violence and competition are two different things violence only degrades the sport or player. Overall the greatest good for the greatest number of people would be to allow the media to cover violence in sports. Now days people watch sports through the television or watch highlights through media such as ESPN. Some people only want to see the important plays of the game. Let’s face it, the more intense sports are the more people will watch them, even if it’s a nasty hit, or brawl in a basketball game. Rights theory is the next step. The rights for media coverage of sports violence are; truthfulness and right of free speech. Truthfulness supports this theory because the media have the right to be truthful in what they show and not alter the media or certain outbreaks. Censorship is allowed but if a major fight breaks out is it ethical or unethical to show it? Do the people have a right to see what happened? Under the right of free speech commentators and sports broadcasting channels have the right to criticize others as long as it doesn’t violate the rights of others. If it happened in the game why wouldn’t the media be allowed to play it and talk about it? The last theory is justice. The theory of justice requires decision makers to be guided by equity, fairness, and impartiality (Cavanagh et al., 1981). It relies on three types of moral prescriptions: (1) that individuals who are similar in a relevant respect should be treated similarly and individuals who are different in a relevant respect should be treated differently in proportion to the difference between them; (2) that rules should be administrated fairly and clearly; and (3) that individuals should not be held responsible for matters over which they have no control, and should be compensated for the cost of their injuries by those responsible for these injuries (Cavanaugh et al., 1981). Decision making and reasoning based on the theory of justice focus on the distributional effect of actions (Cavanagh et al., 1981). Under these criteria’s I believe it is ethical to show violence in sports throughout media. Though violence throught the miedia will never go away some of the alternatives I came up with were to limit the number of times a aggressive play is shown on TV and have a warning for younger kids that what is about to be shown is graphic so parents can decide whether its appropriate to show the violent acts. Over the past several decades, sport violence has become an ever-increasing topic in North America. The topic of violence usually revolves around athletes, teams, and the organizations themselves. For instance, Ron Artest, also ridiculously known as Meta World Peace thanks to his name change, is more widely known for his violence than he is for his basketball skills; most recently for his violent swing of the elbow to the head of James Hardin during the last week of the 2012 NBA regular season. The New Orleans Saints’ publicity has shifted over the past year from the America-loved Hurricane Katrina World Champions to the America-despised Bounty Hunter team who offered inside bonuses to those defenders that had the biggest and most damaging hits to the opposing team. And finally, just about since its inception, the entire Oakland Raider football organization has been labeled as poor sports, violent, and unethical due to the organizations predisposition for everything that goes against ethical behavior. Traditionally, much of the attention has focused on the ones in the big spotlight, and only a small amount of attention has focused on the ones in the background, the ones who passionately follow and support the athletes, teams, and organizations: the spectators. No doubt, spectators make the sport world go round. With the Sport Business Journal’s estimate of $194.64 billion spent in the year 2001, if it wasn’t for the spectators, the sport industry would not be as successful (Chelladurai, 2009, p. 10). The shear economic impact of sport within our society is extremely important in driving the American economy, and with the thrilling permeation of sport within American society, spectators have the ability to make or break the sport. American’s love their teams. The passion and excitement that the success of teams creates within the spectator is unparalleled to anything else. The biggest sport stadiums in our country, The Big House at the University of Michigan for example, bring out over 100,000 spectators for each event. Nothing else in our society encourages this kind of commitment and participation over an extended period of time. The biggest concerts can bring close to that many people, but the concert only lasts for one day in one location and then the show moves onto a different city or state. Certain protests, parades, or political events can draw crowds over 100,000 but once again, the actual event is usually only one or two days and the difference between these events and sports/concerts is that these events do not cost anything to attend. For spectators to commit their support over entire seasons, year in and year out, requires an ongoing investment in mental, emotional, financial, and cognitive resources. This kind of relationship between spectator and team is remarkable. Few events in our society can compete with the extreme emotional highs that sports can invoke within ones soul. However, with the emotional highs come emotional lows. For the majority of time, sports have a very positive impact on society, but at other times sport has the ability to influence spectators to commit unlawful and undesirable acts of violence and aggression. It is during these times when sport has a negative role in our society. To begin the discussion about spectators it is important to have a fundamental definition. Nicholson and Hoye (2005) define spectators as â€Å"supporters and parents†¦Ã¢â‚¬Ëœbench’ players, coaches, team, club or league officials, venue staff and general public within the view of the field of play† (p. 95). All of these individuals play an important role when it comes to making sport a positive experience or a negative experience. The role that media, players, and coaches play in sport violence has already been discussed. The remains of this discussion will be focused on the individuals outside those two areas; specifically the spectators known as the fans. There is the obvious physical violence that spectators can invoke on each other, the officials, the players, and the coaches. For the purpose of this discussion, poor behavior not resulting in physical violence is going to be included with the overarching topic of â€Å"violence.† Nicholson and Hoye (2005) define poor behavior as â€Å"Foul language, abuse of officials, racial and ethnic abuse, sexual harassment, throwing missiles, drunkenness, pitch invasion, and acts of violence† (p. 98). These undesirable acts can be directed towards fellow spectators, players, coaches, and unfortunately officials. In fact, Nicholson and Hoye (2005, p. 100) found that the perception of performance of game officials was one of the key catalysts for poor behavior. Apparently, when things aren’t going the way of their desired team, spectators look to release their frustrations on something or someone and contest officials are the easiest target. Further, spectator violence is not limited to the times between the first and last whistles. Spectator violence takes place before games, during games, and after games and the violence can take place just about anywhere. It can take place at sports bars and pubs that aren’t located anywhere near the venue, or it can happen on the streets that surround the venue either before the game or after the game. Spectator violence can break out in the parking lots of the venue during pre-game tailgate parties or post-game events and it can also happen at the venue entrance/exit points, in the mausoleum, in the stands or even spread to the playing surface. With such a propensity for spectators to commit acts of violence and criminal behavior, venue and event managers are concerned with how to stop it or at the very least control and minimize it. However, understanding the cause should come before finding the solution. First off, let’s not confuse passion with violence. One of the greatest draws of sport competition in our society is the camaraderie created between players, teams, organizations, and fans. The passion and excitement created by this bond is what keeps people coming back day in day out, week in week out, and season after season. This bond is known as team identification and studies have shown it’s one of the strongest predictors of spectator violence. It’s easy to point out the obvious individuals that are high in team identification. For example, Barrel Man is a historic figure in the history of the Denver Broncos and the Mile High Stadium. Certain high schools have spirit squads that are front and center at every game and they have specific names like â€Å"Kadet Krazies† for the Air Academy High School Kadets and the â€Å"Rowdy Rams† for the Rampart High School Rams; both in Colorado Springs, CO. However, team identification is not always as visibly obvious as the aforementioned examples. Many fans feel a strong sense of internal and emotional relationship with their team. Either way, team identification is a strong variable in determining spectator violence. Wann, Carlson, and Schrader (1999) classified spectator aggression into two categories: hostile or instrumental. Hostile spectator violence involves violent actions that are motivated by anger with the goal of harming another person. Instrumental spectator violence refers to actions intended to harm another person with the goal of achieving a result other than the victim’s suffering (p. 279). This kind of violence is highest amongst individuals high in team identification and that experience a situation that is unfavorable to their personal desires; such as a team loss. These two elements can combine to make an explosive situation at sporting contests. Consider additional variables such as alcohol, age of spectators, level of game importance (playoff game), and nature of the sport (football as opposed to volleyball) and the potential for spectator violence only increases. No matter why or how spectator violence happens, the ones involved are almost always perceived as hooligans, hoodlums, or deviants and whenever violence does break out it always puts a blemish on the image of the particular sport or team. As mentioned in the beginning of this section, individuals or organizations involved in violence are seen as unethical and looked upon negatively in our society. Spectators are just as vulnerable to the negative perceptions and are also seen as unethical individuals that detract from the spirit of the game. In effort to determine the level that spectator violence is unethical, this issue should be processed through the Cavanagh Model of Ethical Decision Making. Three criteria are considered when making this determination: Utility, Rights, and Justice. The fundamental principle of utility is that whatever makes the greatest good for the greatest number of people is the ethical decision, act, or policy. If spectator violence were to occur at every sporting event across the globe than one could say that it negatively impacts the majority of people and it is therefore unethical. However, when comparing the total number of sport games that take place in the world to the total number of times that spectator violence occurs, the number of incidents of spectator violence is relatively small. Therefore, based on the utility criterion, spectator violence is considered to be ethical. The notion of rights is the next criterion to consider in making the determination of spectator violence being ethical or unethical. Spectators have a right to enjoy a sporting contest without their life or safety being threatened. On the same topic, Nicholson and Hoye (2005) explained the notion of spectator violence breaking individual rights as this: â€Å"Poor spectator behavior can impinge on the ability of people involved in sport to enjoy a safe physical, social, and cultural sport environment† (p. 95). In making a determination of spectator violence being ethical or unethical based on the rights criterion, one must conclude that spectator violence is unethical due to the fact that it violates individual’s rights to enjoy a sporting contest without their lives and safety being threatened. The final criterion to consider in determining spectator violence being ethical or unethical is justice. â€Å"Justice requires all persons, and thus managers too, to be guided by fairness, equity, and impartiality. Justice calls for evenhanded treatment of groups and individuals (1) in the distribution of the benefits and burdens of society, (2) in the administration of laws and regulations, and (3) in the imposition of sanctions and means of compensation for wrongs a person has suffered† (Cavanagh, 1984. p. 144). There are several justices to consider in this case: fair administration of rules, fair compensation, and due process. In regards to fair administration of rules, everyone spectator is held to the same high standard of appropriate behavior. No spectator gets a special rule allowing them to act inappropriately. Therefore, fair administration of rules cannot be counted as injustice when looking at spectator violence. Now, in the event that spectator violence occurs, there are often innocent bystanders affected by the violence. Sometimes they are just emotionally scarred or threatened and other times they are physically harmed. In the case of physical harm incurred by innocent bystanders, these individuals expect that they receive fair compensation for their injuries and that the violent aggressors be held accountable for their actions. However, in the case that the perpetrator is not held responsible for their act of violence and the victim does not receive fair compensation for their injuries, justice is not being served. It can be assumed that the majority of time that a violent mob breaks out and an innocent bystander gets injured, that the individual responsible for that injury will not be detained or held responsible. Only in the time there was physical evidence convicting the violent spectator will the victim receive fair compensation. More often than not, injured bystanders are taken to the emergency room for treatment of their injuries and the perpetrator is not held responsible. This situation blends into the idea of due process, where an individual has a right to a fair and impartial hearing when he or she believes that personal rights are being violated. As explained previously, spectator violence impinges on individual’s rights to enjoy a sporting event in a safe environment without their life or safety being threatened. In the case that this right is violated and someone’s life or safety has been threatened to the point of injury or harm but they are not able to bring suit on an individual or organization due to the nature of the event that occurred, then there is a strict violation of due process. To answer the question of spectator violence being unethical or unethical based on the criterion of justice, the conclusion is that spectator violence is unethical. Spectator Violence is determined to be unethical yet unstoppable, but what policies or procedures can organizations put in place that help control or minimize the violent behavior? Nicholson and Hoye (2005) discuss strategies used to manage poor behavior and their identified strategies fall under 3 categories: Preventative, which are strategies designed to educate spectators and develop a better culture; Immediate, which are strategies to deal with poor spectator behavior as they occur; and Post-Incident, which are strategies designed to punish or prosecute poor behavior after an incident (102). Preventative strategies include providing safe and secure entrance/exit points for players, coaches, officials, and spectators; providing and displaying code of conduct packets for spectators; additional education for officials on how to best handle volatile situations; strategically place bars or â€Å"wet† areas to minimize alcohol induced violence; limit alcohol consumption; development and implementation of national rules and expectations; and provide a more than sufficient number of event staff and security. Immediate strategies include removing the spectator/s from the event, cancelling the event, and the use of a Yellow/Red card system where a yellow card is a warning and a red card is a removal from the event. Post-incident measures include removing players that have a tendency to invoke violence amongst spectators, suspending players, and banning the entrance of spectators who are consistently detrimental to the game experience. There is not a one size fits all solution to curbing spectator violence. For instance, the Denver Broncos are not able to keep an individual from returning to future games. They may be able to prevent that individual from purchasing a ticket but that’s easy to circumvent if that spectator has a friend buy tickets for them. The individuals working the ticket gate are not equipped to check every person’s id so they cannot prevent the perpetrator from entering the venue unless they have specific knowledge that the perpetrator is trying to enter at a specific gate. Instead, venue and organization management should put as many of these strategies in place in order to minimize spectator violence and provide a positive safe environment for all to enjoy. Conclusion: The major points in this analysis report are the ethical dilemmas with violence in youth sports, violence through the media and spectator violence. Ways to help maintain and prevent violence in youth sports are making sure the there are signed agreement for players, coaches, parents, administering additional penalties or repercussions for unnecessary roughness or out of control and finally running clinics and seminars on the preventative measures on violence in the specific sport being played. Violence through the media can be monitored by limiting the number of replays of a violent hit or fights and seeing out warnings to young children warning them about the viscous hits, attacks, fights etc. Finally preventative measures for spectators will include providing safe and secure entrance/exit points for officials, players, and coaches, having the Code of Conduct packet for players and spectators, educating the officials and event staff for handling violent behavior, strategically placed â€Å"wet† areas, signage reminding spectators what they represent, development and implementation of national rules and limiting alcohol and # of spectators. Immediate measures for audience violence would include removal the violent spectator from the event, removal of players from the contest, cancelling the event before it gets out of hand, having a red and yellow card system and having police presence. 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